Advantages of olive and almond tree intercropping
Advantages of olive and almond tree intercropping
The arboreal association between olive (Olea europaea L., 1753) and almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch, 1801) is a traditional agronomic practice in some areas of the Mediterranean that is lost in time, just think that Pirandello himself, referring to the Valley of the Temples in Agrigento, instead of writing about olive groves, speaks of “almond and olive groves”; this association was very widespread especially in southern Italy where the two plants often coexisted in the same area.
This association can bring several advantages, both agronomic and economic and environmental. Here are the main ones:
1. Efficient use of resources
Root complementarity: the olive tree has deeper roots than the almond tree, which tends to have a more superficial root system. This allows for a more efficient use of water and soil nutrients, reducing competition.
Different phenology: the critical phases of growth and development (flowering, fruiting) do not coincide, limiting competition for resources in the most delicate moments.
2. Improved biodiversity
Increasing biodiversity in cultivation reduces the risk of parasitic infestations and diseases specific to a single species. It attracts a greater variety of pollinating insects (especially useful for the almond tree, which is entomophilous).
In this regard, this tree association can offer various advantages for pollinators, in particular for bees and other beneficial insects. Among the main benefits is the staggered and prolonged flowering as the almond tree flowers very early, often between late winter and early spring (February-March) while the olive tree flowers later, between April and June (depending on the variety and climate). The result is a longer flowering season, which guarantees pollinators a constant source of nectar and pollen over time, favoring their survival and activity.
In particular, the almond tree is particularly attractive to bees, as it produces abundant nectar and pollen, and although the olive tree is mainly anemophilous (wind-pollinated), its flowers can still attract insects. The presence of the almond tree increases the influx of pollinators to the area, and they may occasionally visit the olive flowers or contribute indirectly to their environment. In the spring, when bees start to raise their brood, they need a lot of pollen and nectar. Early-flowering almond trees offer a “nutritional boost” just when bee colonies need it most.
3. Plant diversity and a more stable ecosystem
A companion planting creates a more diverse environment, which can support more pollinator species, including bumblebees, solitary bees, hoverflies, etc. The increased floristic and structural biodiversity also helps reduce pests and diseases, improving the health of the ecosystem.
4. Favorable microclimate
The diversification of tree species can help modulate the humidity and temperature of the environment, making it more suitable for the activity of pollinators, especially in hot or arid climates.
5. Better water management
The different water requirements between the two species can help stabilize water use throughout the year. In dry systems (arid or semi-arid), intercropping can reduce soil evaporation and improve water retention thanks to shading.
6. Production diversification
Double income: olives and almonds can be sold separately, increasing the economic resilience of the farm. In fact, there are different harvest times that allow agricultural work to be distributed more efficiently throughout the year.
7. Improved soil health
Greater plant cover and root variety improve soil structure, favor microbial biodiversity and reduce erosion.
However, to implement a good association between the two species, it is necessary to plan the planting distance well to avoid competition and allow good lighting. Furthermore, if you aim for mechanical harvesting, an orderly and compatible layout is necessary for both species.