Kefalonia

Kefalonia

The island of Kefalonia is a Greek island, the largest of the Ionian islands; this island is divided into two parts by the deep bay of Livadi. From an administrative point of view, it constitutes a peripheral unit, composed of the municipality of the same name, of the Ionian islands.
The island has 35,801 inhabitants, surveyed in 2011.

Etymology –
The name Kefalonia can be traced to the Ancient Greek language. The word “Kefalonia” comes from the Greek term “Kephallenia” (Κεφαλληνία), which in turn was influenced by the name of an ancient Greek people called “Cefalleni”. These people were native to the island and their name was later attributed to the entire region.
The root of the term “Kephallenia” is “kephale”, which means “head” in Greek. It is believed that the name of the island was chosen because Kefalonia is the largest and the main island of the Ionian Islands archipelago, so it is like the “head” of the whole group of islands.
Interestingly, the Greek name “Kephallenia” has been transcribed and adapted into several languages over the centuries. For example, in Italian it became “Cefalonia”, in French “Céphalonie” and in German “Kefalonia”.

Geographic Features –
Kefalonia is the largest of the Ionian Islands and is characterized by a variety of geographical features.
This island is dominated by a mountain range that crosses the island from north to south. The highest mountain on the island is Aenos, with a height of 1,628 metres. The mountains create a spectacular hilly landscape and offer beautiful panoramic views of the island.
Kefalonia island is famous for its white sand beaches and crystal clear waters. There are numerous spectacular beaches along the coast, including Myrtos beach, considered one of the most beautiful beaches in Greece. Other popular beaches include Antisamos, Skala, Lourdas and Xi.
Kefalonia is characterized by numerous picturesque coves and gulfs. The gulf of Argostoli is located on the west coast of the island and is famous for its natural beauty. The gulf of Lixouri, located on the opposite coast, also offers a breathtaking landscape.
Kefalonia is full of spectacular caves and sea caves. Melissani cave, located near Argostoli, is one of the most famous. It is a huge cavern with an underground freshwater lake, surrounded by stalactites and stalagmites. Drogarati Cave is another impressive cave with amazing stalactite formations.
The island is home to several lakes of natural origin. Lake Avithos, located on the southeast coast of the island, is a popular attraction. It is surrounded by rich greenery and offers a peaceful and atmospheric environment.
Kefalonia has a few rivers flowing through its territory. The Melissani River is one of the most important and flows through a picturesque valley. The island also has some waterfalls, such as Katavothres Falls, which offer a mesmerizing natural spectacle.
This island is covered in lush Mediterranean vegetation. The hills and mountains are covered with olive trees, cypresses, pines and shrubs. The island is also famous for its vineyards, which produce high quality local wines.
Cereals, olives and grapes are grown there. Characteristic of the island is the black pine of Kefalonia.

Historical Notes –
The island of Kefalonia has a rich and complex history dating back to ancient times. The territory has been inhabited since the Paleolithic, as demonstrated by the archaeological finds in the island’s caves. However, the first evidence of stable settlements dates back to the Bronze Age, when Kefalonia was inhabited by the Mycenaeans.
During the Classical Era, Kefalonia became part of Ancient Greece and was involved in the Persian Wars of the 5th century BC. Subsequently, the island was part of the Delian League, an alliance led by Athens. Over time, Kefalonia came under the influence of various powers, including the Spartans and the Macedonians under Alexander the Great.
During the Roman period, Kefalonia became an integral part of the Roman Empire and thrived on trade and agriculture. The island enjoyed a certain autonomy within the empire and was administered as a Roman province.
Over the next few centuries, Kefalonia came under the control of various empires and states, including the Byzantines, Normans, Venetians and Ottomans. During the Venetian period (from 1479 to 1797), the island experienced considerable economic and cultural growth. Imposing castles and fortresses were built, and Kefalonia became an important maritime centre.
In the 19th century, with the advent of the Greek wars of independence, Kefalonia sided with the struggle for independence from Ottoman rule. In 1864, the island was united to the Kingdom of Greece along with other Ionian islands.
During the Second World War, Kefalonia was the scene of one of the most tragic episodes in its history. In 1943, the island was occupied by Italian soldiers, who were later replaced by German troops. In September 1943, after the armistice of Cassibile between the Italians and the Allies, the island was the scene of a clash between the German forces and the Italian garrison. The massacre of Kefalonia, during which the Germans killed thousands of Italian soldiers, represents one of the darkest chapters in the history of the island.
This episode was known as the massacre of the 33rd “Acqui” Infantry Division of the Italian Army at the hands of German soldiers between 15 and 26 September 1943, i.e. shortly after the announcement of the armistice between Italy and the Allies, the 8 September.
Today the memory of the facts of the Acqui Division is handed down by the National Association of the Acqui Division. In Argostoli, the island’s capital, stands a monument dedicated to the fallen soldiers of the Acqui Division, erected in 1978 by the Italian state.
After the war, Kefalonia gradually recovered and became a popular tourist destination for visitors from all over the world. Today, the island of Kefalonia is appreciated for its natural beauty, enchanting beaches and rich history which can still be admired through its archaeological sites and historical monuments.

Ecosystem –
Kefalonia is known for its natural beauty. The island has a rich ecosystem that includes a variety of habitats, from rocky coasts to forests and mountains.
The coast of Kefalonia offers a diverse range of marine environments, including sandy beaches, reefs, sea caves and coral reefs. These waters are rich in biodiversity and are home to a variety of marine species, such as dolphins, sea turtles, molluscs and various fish species.
Inland, the island is characterized by hills and mountains covered with lush forests. Here it is possible to find a rich flora, with a great variety of trees, shrubs, flowers and aromatic plants. Among the most common species are oaks, pines, holm oaks, cypresses and olive trees.
The fauna of Kefalonia is equally diverse. The island is inhabited by several species of land animals, including deer, wild boar, badgers, wild rabbits and a diverse range of birds. It is also possible to spot various species of reptiles, such as lizards and snakes.
Kefalonia is also famous for its rivers and lakes, which provide habitats for many species of fish and amphibians. The island’s rivers and hot springs are important for local biodiversity and are breeding grounds for many species.
However, as in many other regions, the ecosystem of Kefalonia is subject to various threats. Tourism and coastal development can have a negative impact on the marine environment and wildlife. It is important to take conservation and sustainable management measures to protect the ecosystem of the island and preserve its natural beauty.

Flora –
The island of Kefalonia is home to a large variety of unique flora. Its geographical location and Mediterranean climate contribute to a rich diversity of plants and flowers. Some of the most common plant species found on the island of Kefalonia are listed below:
– Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis): This Mediterranean pine is abundant on the island of Kefalonia. It has a distinctive habit with long thin needles and a wrinkled bark.
– Holm oak (Quercus ilex): The holm oak is an evergreen oak that grows abundantly on the island. It has leathery leaves, small acorns and an important ecological function in soil conservation.
– Cistus of Crete (Cistus creticus): This perennial leafy shrub produces showy white or pink flowers. It is often sighted in the hills and rocky areas of Kefalonia.
– Oleander (Nerium oleander): The oleander is a common ornamental plant on the island. It has narrow, lanceolate leaves and colorful flowers ranging from white to deep pink.
– Asphodel (Asphodelus): Asphodel is a perennial plant characteristic of the Mediterranean. It has tall stems and star-shaped white flowers often found in the meadows and open areas of Kefalonia.
– Lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus): This evergreen shrub is widespread on the island and produces small red fruits. Its aromatic resin is used for the production of mastic.
– Erica (Erica): Heather is a genus of lushly flowering shrubs found in various parts of the island. Their flowers are usually white, pink or purple.
– Thyme (Thymus): Thyme is an aromatic herb that grows spontaneously on Kefalonia. It is known for its small, fragrant leaves and pink or white flowers.
– Wild fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): This herbaceous plant has feathery leaves and a characteristic aniseed smell. It grows spontaneously in many areas of the island.
– Orchids: Kefalonia is home to a variety of orchid species, many of which are endemic to the region. These beautiful blooms are often found in diverse habitats, such as meadows, forests, and coastal areas.
Its botanical diversity makes the island a fascinating place for nature lovers and those wishing to explore the beauty of the Mediterranean flora.

Wildlife –
The island of Kefalonia is famous for its untouched nature and biodiversity. The fauna of Kefalonia includes a variety of animal species, both terrestrial and marine. Below are some of the more common species that can be found on the island:
– Caretta caretta turtle: The island of Kefalonia is one of the most important nesting sites for the caretta caretta turtle in the Mediterranean. The sandy beaches of the island provide an ideal environment for spawning.
– Dolphins: In the Ionian Sea surrounding Kefalonia it is possible to spot several species of dolphins, including the common dolphin and the bottlenose dolphin.
– Wild goat: Wild goats live on the island, which can be seen mainly in the mountainous areas.
– Wild boar: The wild boar is present in different parts of the island and is a very popular hunting species.
– Foxes: Foxes are present on the island and can be seen mainly in rural areas.
– Seabirds: Kefalonia is home to many species of seabirds, such as gulls, snipes, terns and shearwaters.
– Reptiles: Among the reptiles present on the island are the Bedriaga lizard, the green lizard and the water snake.
– Butterflies: The island of Kefalonia is known for its variety of butterflies, including the swallowtail and the nettle vanessa.
– Domestic sheep and goats: In the rural areas of Kefalonia it is possible to encounter flocks of sheep and goats, which are raised for the production of milk and cheese.
– Fish: The crystal clear waters of the island are rich in fish, including white bream, sea bream, tuna and mackerel.

Environmental Protection Actions –
The island of Kefalonia is taking several conservation actions to protect its unique ecosystem and address environmental challenges. Among these actions we mention:
– Conservation of fauna and flora: Kefalonia is known for its rich biodiversity, which includes many endemic and rare species. The island is committed to protecting plant and animal species through the creation of protected areas, such as national parks, nature reserves and Natura 2000 sites. These areas are actively managed to ensure the survival of species and the conservation of habitats.
– Management of water resources: The island of Kefalonia adopts policies to ensure sustainable use of water resources. This includes monitoring water consumption, taking water-saving measures, implementing wastewater recycling and reuse technologies, and promoting public awareness of the importance of water conservation.
– Renewable Energy: Kefalonia is engaging in the transition to a more sustainable energy system. The installation and use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, are encouraged. In addition, energy efficiency programs are promoted to reduce the island’s overall energy consumption.
– Waste management: To address the waste problem, Kefalonia is implementing solid waste management practices. This includes promoting recycling and composting, setting up waste treatment plants and raising awareness about reducing waste generation.
– Environmental education: The island of Kefalonia promotes environmental education among residents and visitors. Educational programmes, seminars and initiatives are organized to raise awareness of environmental problems and promote sustainable behaviour.
Environmental conservation is a priority for the island in order to protect its natural heritage and promote sustainable development.

Guido Bissanti